Inquiries from his Eminence Ayatullah Sistani about crescent visibility and its proof
Question 1: His Eminence (may Allah prolong his life) mentioned that the
crescent cannot be proven by means of astronomers (i.e. astronomical
calculations). However, such calculations are based on solid scientific
foundations and meticulous mathematical calculations, and the
probability of inaccuracy is negligible. Moreover, astronomers continue
to prepare tables for sunrise and moon (appearance) as well as the
visibility of various planets in the solar system, and it is observed
that such tables and calculations are extremely accurate, and did not
deviate from reality, at least in this century, not even once. In
addition, scientists' planetariums' calculations of the moon entering
its interlunar state and exiting it as well as determination of the time
of its visibility and angular distance measured by circular angles from
the sun and its distance from the horizon measured by circular angles
and determining its distance and nearness to Earth, are all meticulous
information achieved with certainty, known by scholars and students of
astronomy, and are not based on doubt.
Therefore, why can we not depend on reliable astronomical data about the
birth of the crescent to determine the arrival of a new month?
Answer 1: What is understood from jurisprudential proofs about the start of
a lunar month is the visibility of the crescent on the horizon by the
naked eye, given no interference of clouds and other natural obstacles.
So the birth of the crescent alone and its presence in the horizon in a
manner that is not seeable or observed only by special magnifying and
planetary tools, is not sufficient enough.
Therefore, based on such understanding, the information provided by
astronomers about the birth of the crescent and its exit from the
inter-lunar state does not suffice the start of a new lunar month even if
it is based on certified mathematical calculations.
As for their information about the possibility of seeing the moon with
the naked eye in some areas, either generally or given clear visibility
conditions, as they say, it depends on two elements:
1) Specific astronomical calculations putting the crescent in those
locations, given its age, degree above horizon, distance from the sun,
and other factors influencing its visibility; and,
2) Astronomical experiments based on observing the crescent physically
to confirm the attainment of the minimum requirements for visibility
with the naked eye, given its age, degree above horizon, distance from
the sun, etc.
The latter point is where the opinion of astronomers differ. For
example, some indicate the possibility of sighting the crescent with the
naked eye when it is 14 hours old, while others state the minimum time
is 16 hours, and even others say 18 hours, and so on. Moreover, some
claim visibility while the crescent is 4 degrees above the horizon at
the time of sunset, while others say the minimum requirement for
visibility is 5 degrees, and a group states it is 6 degrees, and others
mention other degrees. Similar differences are found in other
determining factors as well.
Based on that, a follower of the Islamic jurisprudence (mukallaf) cannot
take the word of astronomers about the visibility of the crescent in so
and so area, unless it is confirmed that the crescent can be clearly
seen by the naked eye, based on narrations forbidding from reliance on
opinion and speculation with regards to crescent sighting, such as the
saying of Imam Al-Baqir (as), "When you see the crescent then fast, and
when you see it then break your fast, and it is not about opinion or
speculation but about visibility" (Tahtheeb Al-Ahkaam, vol. 4, p. 156).
However, if a follower of Islamic jurisprudence achieves confirmation or
contentment (itmenaan), even if it is from experience or practice, that
the crescent present on the current horizon, with so and so size (age)
and degree (height above horizon) and all aspects influencing its
visibility, is capable of being sighted by the naked eye, but was not
seen due to clouds, fog, sand storm or other factors, then he/she must
act according to the confirmation or contentment he/she achieved.
Question 2: It is said that his eminence (may Allah prolong his life)
sometimes does not accept the testimony of witnesses about crescent
sighting when it contradicts information provided by astronomers about
the impossibility of seeing it, even though testimonies are sensory
while astronomers' information are intuitive (i.e. based on
speculation), so what is the reason behind that?
Answer 2: Two points to consider about calculations:
1) What is confirmed by mathematical calculations, and does not depend
on personal speculation or interpretation, such as the time of the birth
of the crescent, time of its exit from the interlunar state, the degree
of its rise above the horizon, percent of illuminated circumference of
the moon, and so on, where usually no conflict occurs between
astronomers about such aspects, except maybe by miscalculation.
2) What is subject to personal interpretation and speculation and is
based on experience and practice, such as some astronomers' statements
about the impossibility of seeing the crescent unless it is 6 degrees
above the horizon, or at an age of 22 hours, or at so and so distance
from the sun, and so on, and in this point there is lots of disagreement
and differing opinions (among astronomers).
Thus, if the testimonial of witnesses on crescent sighting is
contradictory to the first type of information provided by astronomers
(as mentioned in point 1 above), then one can confirm or be content
(mutma'in) of the inaccuracy of the testimony. If they state (for
example) sighting it while the crescent, according to meticulous
calculations, is still in its inter-lunar state or that it sets before
sunset, even if two or more testify sighting it, then (their testimony
is dismissed).
If, however, testimonies are contradictory to the second type of the
information provided by astronomers (as stated in point 2 above), then
contentment might be achieved about the inaccuracy of the testimonials,
looking at the proofs and evidence, or it may not be achieved.
Therefore, if contentment about the inaccuracy of the testimonials is
not achieved, and among the witnesses were two just people who their
testimony fulfills the requirements of proof, then one must act
according to such testimony and there is no room for doubt against it.
In summary, among the conditions for accepting the testimony of two just
witnesses about crescent sighting is the lack of confirmation or
contentment (itmenaan) that they are wrong, but if they can be proven
wrong even by reliable information provided by an astronomer, for
example the crescent is still in its inter-lunar state or that it is
still very thin such that no such crescent was ever sighted before, then
the testimonies do not carry any value (and are dismissed). Otherwise,
one can take the testimony and ignore the astronomers' speculation.
Question 4: Why can we not follow the scientific advancements, I mean
specialized instruments, with regards to sighting the moon on Eids and
the beginning of the months, and we only rely on sighting with the naked
eye?
Answer 4: The reason is because what is understood from the legislative
narrations is that what matters in the start of the lunar month is the
presence of the crescent in the horizon at the time of sunset at a
degree of height and luminescence such that it is possible to observe by
the common naked eye without presence of obstacles (i.e. clouds).
Question 6: If the crescent was sighted in one city, does that suffice
for another city, or must both cities share the same horizon?
Answer 6: The same horizon must exist between both cities, meaning that
visibility of the crescent in one city mandates its visibility in the
other city as well if it were not for the presence of obstacles blocking
sighting it such as clouds, a mountain and so on. This occurs when the
crescent of the other city, according to careful astronomical
calculations, has the same or even better (visibility) characteristics
than the first city, looking at its size, height from horizon at the
time of sunset and the degree away from the sun.
Question 7: What is the law about the crescent that is sighted in one place and not another?
Answer 7: Every place has its own ruling unless it is confirmed that both places share the same horizon.
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